Was
America founded on a covenant with God? There is no question that the earliest
immigrants to America, especially in New England, built their communities on
the belief that they, as a people, had a sacred covenant with God. They believed that if they kept their part of the covenant, they would be blessed; but if they broke the covenant they would not be blessed and probably suffer irreparable harm.
This
was clearly expressed by John Winthrop who, in 1630, led a flotilla of eleven
ships with 700 passengers to New England where they founded the city of Boston and the
Massachusetts Bay Colony. Winthrop wrote,
We have entered into an
explicit Covenant with God. We have drawn up indentures with the Almighty,
wherefore if we succeed and do not let ourselves be diverted into making money,
He will reward us. Whereas if we fail, if we fall to embrace this present world
and prosecute our carnal intentions, the Lord will surely break out in wrath
and make us know the price of the breach of such a Covenant.
The
Truth About the Mayflower Compact
Ten
years before Winthrop and his company arrived, the Pilgrims had landed at Cape
Cod. Before disembarking, they drew up a written document patterned after the
church covenants that were common among Separatist churches in England. Being
part of a Separatist congregation, they were very aware of such documents,
which knit the signees together in a solemn contractual agreement with God and
one another.
In
this situation, the Pilgrims realized they were more than a church for there
were “strangers” on board the Mayflower who were not a part of their
congregation, but had been recruited by the businessmen who funded the voyage.
They, therefore, used the words “civil body politic” to describe this new
community they were forming.
Each
signee promised “solemnly and mutually in the presence of God” to “covenant
together” for the better ordering and preservation of their community. This
covenant also stated that their purpose in coming to the New World was to
glorify God and advance the Christian faith. The late
Harvard professor, Perry Miller, said, “The Separatists aboard the Mayflower
found a covenant the obvious answer to the first problem of political organization.”
Some
have called the Mayflower Compact America’s founding document. That is going
too far, but there is no question that it set the stage for succeeding
communities and colonies that would base their existence on written documents—covenants--that
gave recognition to God and prioritized the Gospel of Jesus Christ as the reason for their existence.
New England Covenants with God
As we have seen, this idea of a social covenant with God
was expressed, not only by the Pilgrims, but also by John Winthrop in the
founding of Boston and Massachusetts. It was also clearly expressed in the 1639
founding document of Connecticut, entitled “The Fundamental Orders of
Connecticut,” which states,
We,
the inhabitants and residents of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, knowing
where a people are gathered together the word of God requires that to maintain
the peace and union of such a people there ought to be an orderly and decent
government established according to God . . . we do for ourselves and our
successors enter into combination and confederation together, to maintain and
preserve the liberty and purity of the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ, which
we now profess. (Hyatt, Pilgrims and Patriots, 48-49).
With
thousands of new immigrants arriving in New England and new towns springing up,
there arose a felt need for some sort of centralized government to facilitate
mutual defense and to arbitrate land disputes. The United Colonies of New
England was, therefore, formed and a constitution patterned on the idea of
covenant was formulated. Dated May 19, 1643, the opening statement of the
constitution expressly states why they had all come to the New World. It reads,
Whereas we all came into these parts of America with one
and the same end and aim, namely to advance the kingdom of our Lord Jesus
Christ and enjoy the Liberties of the Gospel in purity and peace (Hyatt, Pilgrims and Patriots, 52-53).
The
constitution provided that each colony would choose two representatives who
would form a council of eight. This council of eight was invested with power to
arbitrate boundary disputes, coordinate mutual defense, and facilitate mutual
advice and support. It was clearly stated that this council was also brought
into existence for “preserving and propagating the truth and liberties of the
Gospel (Hyatt, Pilgrims and Patriots,
53).
There
is no question that this constitutional system wherein each individual colony
retained its autonomy, and the powers of government were limited by the
constitution, was a forerunner of the federalist system that would be created
at Philadelphia in 1776 and 1787. The United Colonies of New England clearly
foreshadowed the United States of America in both its form of government and in
its Christian character.
The
Puritans clearly saw these written statements as covenants, not only between
themselves, but also between their society and God. They believed that God
dealt, not only with individuals, but also with social units, including
families, churches and nations. According to Perry Miller, “The central conception in their
thought is the elaborated doctrine of covenant.”
The
Blessing & Responsibility of Covenant
The
Puritans saw Israel in the OT as a pattern for their social covenant with God. Like
Israel, they believed that if they, as a people, kept their part of the covenant,
which was to walk uprightly and make His name known, they would be blessed. If,
on the other hand, they lost their sense of purpose and began to live selfish
and sinful lives, they would suffer God’s wrath because of their rejection of
the covenant. During the voyage to New England, Winthrop warned,
Now if the Lord shall please to bear us, and bring us in
peace to the place we desire, then hath He verified this Covenant and sealed
our commission . . . but if we fail to perform the terms of the Covenant, we
shall perish out the land we are crossing the sea to possess.
This sense of social responsibility to God is the reason the Puritans tended to hold one
another accountable. They pointed out that since communities and nations cannot
be rewarded in the next world, they must necessarily be rewarded in this one,
according to their deeds. The sin of one or a few could, therefore, bring down
God’s judgment on the entire community. This is also the reason that laws were
passed outlawing adultery, fornication, profanity, drunkenness and Sabbath
breaking.
Virginia Covenants with God
Although
New England was where the writing of constitutions was profoundly developed, all
the colonies were founded on similar social compacts with God. Take Virginia, for example. When the Jamestown settlers disembarked at Cape Henry, VA, their
first act was to erect a seven-foot oak cross they had brought from England. They
then gathered around the cross for a prayer service in which they dedicated the
land of their new home to God. In his dedicatory prayer, their chaplain, Rev.
Robert Hunt, declared, “From these very shores the Gospel shall go forth to not
only this New World but to the entire world.”
This
act was in line with the official Virginia Charter, which recognized “the
Providence of Almighty God” and expressed the desire that the establishment of
the colony would “tend to the glory of His Divine Majesty.” This document also
expressly stated that the purpose of the colony was to propagate the “Christian
religion to such people as yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of the
true knowledge and worship of God.”
There are amazing similarities between the Virginia
Charter, the Mayflower Compact and other founding documents of New England.
This led Perry Miller to suggest that Virginia and New England were not that
different. He pointed out that both communities were children of the
Reformation, “and what we consider distinctively Puritan was really the spirit
of the times.” The same could be said of Rhode Island,
Pennsylvania and other colonies that were founded on written documents that
gave honor to God and expressed the reason for their existence.
These early immigrants were not perfect and they obviously made human mistakes. However, there is no question of the sincerity of their vision to establish a Christian society based on a covenant with God. And there is no question that their covenants were precursors to the founding documents of the United States of America. Gary Amos
and Richard Gardiner are thus correct to say, “The early New England constitutions
were covenants. These covenants clearly foreshadowed the United States
Constitution.”
God
and America’s Founding Documents
The
Declaration of Independence begins with an acknowledgement that human rights
come from God. Three names for God drawn directly from the Judeo-Christian tradition were used. They are "Creator," "Supreme Judge," and "Divine Providence." The Declaration ends with the signees expressing a reliance on "Divine
Providence," a common expression of that era for the God of the Bible. It was
commonly used by revivalist ministers, such as George Whitefield, in their
sermons and writings.
Concerning the Constitution, it
is obvious that the Founders saw the Constitution as a sacred document, and
they treated it as a covenant. That is why George Washington took the oath of office
with his hand on a Bible, and with his hand on the Bible, solemnly swore "to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States, so help me God." It was also Washington who said,
“It is impossible to rightly govern the world without God and the Bible.”
Indeed,
many of those who were part of the Constitutional Convention, saw the hand of
God in the formulation of the Constitution. James Madison, the Constitution’s
chief architect, declared, “It is impossible for the man of pious reflection not to perceive in it a
finger of that Almighty hand which has been so frequently and signally extended
to our relief in critical stages of the Revolution.”
Benjamin Rush, a signer of both the
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, was even more blunt,
declaring that the Constitution was a work from heaven. A physician from
Philadelphia, he asserted that he “as much believed the hand of God was
employed in this work as that God had divided the Red Sea to give a passage to
the children of Israel, or had fulminated the Ten Commandments from Mount
Sinai.”
This
sacred view of the Constitution was obviously inherited from those early
Puritans who considered their covenants to be sacred oaths between their
communities and God. This covenantal attitude became a part of the psyche of
colonial America and was clearly present in the attitude of the Founders toward
America’s founding documents. Historian, Benjamin Hart says,
The U.S. Constitution has worked because there has been a sacred aura
surrounding the document; it has been something more than a legal contract; it
was a covenant, an oath before God, very much related to the covenant the
Pilgrims signed. Indeed, when the President takes his oath of office he places
his hand on a Bible and swears before Almighty God to uphold the Constitution
of the United States. He makes a sacred promise; and the same holds true for
Supreme Court justices who take an oath to follow the letter of the written
Constitution. The moment America’s leaders begin treating the Constitution as
though it were a mere sheet of paper is the moment the American Republic—or
American Covenant—ends.
Where We Stand Today
America’s covenant with the Almighty
has been sustained by periodic spiritual awakenings that have swept across the
land, renewing faith and virtue in her inhabitants. This is what the Founders had
counted on, for they all agreed that only a vibrant Christian and virtuous
people could sustain the Constitutional Republic they had formed.
John Adams, America’s second
president, made this clear in an address to the officers of the Massachusetts
Militia in 1798. He said,
We have no government armed with
power capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and
religion . . . Our Constitution was made
only for a moral and religious [Christian] people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other
(Hyatt, Pilgrims and Patriots,
172-73).
America is at a critical juncture in
her history. Powerful forces reject the notion of God having any role in the nation’s
founding and they consider the Constitution to be a useless, outdated document—a
mere sheet of paper, as Hart warned. Professor Steven Hayward also
warned, “Is there any doubt that if liberals had their way, they would junk the
U.S. Constitution and install one that enshrines liberal ideology?”
America is at a tipping point where
the scales could be tipped in either direction. If the church continues to
embrace a self-serving, comfortable Christianity, America will go down the path
of so many once great nations of history. For make no mistake about it, it was
not human pedigree, ingenuity or superiority that made America great; it was God’s
blessing through the covenant our forefathers and foremothers made with Him.
The election of Donald Trump was an
act of Divine Providence that opened a narrow window of opportunity for the
church in America. Will we make the most of this opportunity and maximize this
moment? Will we let go of our comfortable Christianity and become serious about
being His covenant people?
The ball is in our court. The
decision is ours. Will "we the people" renew the covenant in 2018? If we respond in sincere faith with corresponding acts, 2018 could be a
very powerful year for the church in America.
This article was derived in part from Dr. Eddie Hyatt's book, Pilgrims and Patriots, with the subtitle, The Radical Christian Roots of American Democracy and Freedom. Dr. Hyatt has a vision for another Great Awakening in America. Check out his website at www.eddiehyatt.com and if you would like to schedule him to speak in your church or city, contact him at dreddiehyatt@gmail.com.