He
became the most recognizable and talked about figure in Colonial America. From
Georgia to Maine, thousands filled churches and gathered in open fields to hear
him preach. Loved by the masses, he was detested by many of the clergy who
refused him their pulpits. Undaunted, he preached in the open fields to massive
crowds of all sects and denominations.
At a time when the population of Boston was estimated at seventeen thousand, he preached to an estimated crowd of twenty thousand on the Boston
Common. The Awakening he ignited became the first national event the scattered American colonists experienced as a single people, leading Thomas S. Kidd of Baylor University to say, "Whitefield was the central figure in the process by which the disparate colonists became Americans" (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 58).
Great revival seemed to erupt everywhere he went. Denominational walls were broken down and for the first time the scattered American colonists began to see themselves as a single people with one Divine destiny. Through his incessant labors and his love for America, George Whitefield (1713-1770) helped prepare the way for the formation of the United States of America.
Great revival seemed to erupt everywhere he went. Denominational walls were broken down and for the first time the scattered American colonists began to see themselves as a single people with one Divine destiny. Through his incessant labors and his love for America, George Whitefield (1713-1770) helped prepare the way for the formation of the United States of America.
Communities
Are Entirely Transformed
A native of England, Whitefield departed his home country
at the age of twenty-four in 1738 with a burden for the American colonists
and a prayer that they would not live as thirteen scattered colonies, but as
“one nation under God” (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 100). With a heart totally given to God and possessing a rare
oratorical gift, he was providentially prepared and positioned for such a
moment in history. As he traveled up and down the eastern seaboard, shop
keepers closed their doors, farmers left their plows, and workers threw down
their tools to hurry to the place where he was to preach.
Nathan Cole gave a vivid description of the stir it
caused throughout the region when Whitefield preached in Middletown,
Connecticut. Cole was working in his field twelve miles away near Kensington
when someone told him that Whitefield would be preaching in Middletown at 10
o’clock that same morning.
Cole immediately dropped his tools, ran to the
house, and told wife to get ready to go and hear Whitefield preach. He then
saddled their horse, they both mounted and hurried on their way to Middletown.
Concerned that the horse might tire carrying two riders that distance, Cole
would ride for a while and then dismount and run alongside.
As they approached the main road from Hartford to
Middletown, they saw an amazing sight. A cloud of dust rose above the hills and
trees and they heard a sound like a low rumbling thunder.
As they drew closer they realized that the dust and sound
were caused by a massive company of horses and riders that filled the road, all on
their way to hear Whitefield preach. No one made a sound and there was
something surreal about the scene as every rider seemed somber and intent on their
purpose. “It made me tremble to see the sight,” said Cole.
Cole and his wife finally reached Middletown covered with dust. There they
encountered another amazing sight. He said,
When we got to the Middletown old meeting house there was a great multitude, which was said to be
three or four thousand people assembled together. I
turned and looked towards the great river and saw the ferry boats running swift bringing over loads of people. The land
and banks over the river looked black with people and horses all along
the 12 miles. I saw no man at work in his field, but all seemed to be gone. When I saw Mr. Whitefield come
upon the scaffold he looked almost angelical; a young, slim, slender youth
before some thousands of people with a bold undaunted countenance. And my
hearing how God was with him everywhere he came along, it solemnized my mind and put me into a trembling fear
before he began to preach, for he looked as if he was clothed with authority
from the Great God, and a sweet, solemn solemnity sat upon his brow. And my
hearing him preach gave me a heart wound. By God’s blessings, my old foundation was broken up, and I saw that my
righteousness would not save me (Hyatt, 1726: The Year that Defined America, 78-79).
Benjamin Franklin and Philadelphia Are Transformed
Whitefield preached in Philadelphia and saw
incredible results. Benjamin Franklin’s testimony of the impact of his preaching
on the city is particularly significant since he did not profess to be a
Christian at the time. In his Autobiography,
Franklin tells of the incredible transformation that came over the city when
Whitefield came there on his first of seven visits to America. He wrote,
The multitudes of all
sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous, and it was a
matter of speculation to me, who was one of the number, to observe the
extraordinary influence of his oratory on his hearers. From being thoughtless
or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing
religious so that one could not walk through the town in an evening without
hearing psalms sung in different families of every street (Hyatt, 1726: The Year that Defined America, 79).
Whitefield and Franklin became close friends
and business partners, with Franklin taking on the task of printing and
distributing Whitefield’s sermons and journals. They kept up a lively
correspondence until Whitefield’s death some thirty-one years later, and
Whitefield stayed in Franklin’s home on at least one subsequent visit to
Philadelphia. In a letter to his brother James, a printer in Boston, Franklin
said, “Whitefield is a good man and I love him” (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 45).
Franklin admits that he was skeptical
of reports of Whitefield preaching being heard by crowds of 25,000 and more.
While listening to Whitefield preach from the top of the Philadelphia
courthouse steps to a huge throng, Franklin, having an inquiring and scientific
mind, retired backward to see how far Whitefield’s voice would reach. He then
did some calculations and decided that Whitefield’s voice,
which he described as “loud and clear,” could be heard by
crowds of thirty thousand and more.
The Awakening Touches All Sects and Denominations
Although ordained with the Church of England, Whitefield did not have a denominational bone in
his body. In England, he had been instrumental in spearheading the great
Methodist Revival along with the Wesley brothers. He freely fellowshipped with
all true believers, including Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, and
any who honored God and confessed Jesus Christ as the true Lord of the Church.
In one of his sermons,
as he was preaching in the open air to a great multitude representing various
sects and denominations, Whitefield pretended to converse with Father Abraham,
whom he pictured as looking over the banister of heaven at the gathered
multitude.
Whitefield cried out,
“Father Abraham, are there any Anglicans in heaven?”
The answer came back, “No, there are no
Anglicans in heaven.”
“Father Abraham, are there any Methodists in
heaven?”
“No, there are no Methodists in heaven.”
“Are there any Presbyterians in heaven?”
“No, there are no Presbyterians here either.”
“What about Baptists or Quakers?”
“No, there are none of those here either.”
“Father Abraham,” cried Whitefield, “What
kind of people are in heaven?”
The answer came back,
“There are only Christians in heaven, only those who are washed in the blood of
the Lamb.”
Whitefield then cried
out, “Oh, is that the case? Then God help me, God help us all, to forget having
names and to become Christians in deed and in truth!”
Although accounts of
his meetings often describe the multitudes as standing and listening in rapt
silence, accounts also reveal intense emotional responses at times, as things
eternal were made real to their hearts and minds. On one occasion after preaching
to a huge throng gathered outdoors, Whitfield surveyed the crowd and noted the
amazing response. He wrote in his Journal,
Look where I would, most were drowned in tears. Some were
struck pale as death, others wringing their hands, others lying on the ground,
others sinking into the arms of their friends and most lifting up their eyes to
heaven and crying out to God (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 104).
Cultural Change
The Great Awakening literally changed the
moral climate of colonial America. Entire communities were transformed. Profanity, lewdness, and drunkenness
almost completely disappeared, especially in some areas. Reports in New
England alone show thirty thousand to forty thousand converts and 150 new
churches. No one had a greater role in this transformation than George
Whitefield.
There were many local and regional
revivals at the time, but by his incessant travels Whitefield made the Great
Awakening one national event. It was the first time the scattered colonists of
various, national, denominational and theological persuasions had participated
together in a single event. Denominational walls were broken down, and for the
first time, the colonists began to see themselves as a single people with one
Divine destiny, “One Nation Under God,” as Whitfield had prayed.
The preaching of Whitefield also
helped democratize the inhabitants of the colonies by showing no preference
based on race, wealth, or social status. For Whitefield, everyone was on the same
level, that is, guilty sinners before God, with only one solution for the sin
problem, that being faith in Jesus Christ. He did not spare anyone because of
their social status.
When, for example, a black woman was roundly criticized
because she interrupted a white preacher with shouts of praise to God, Whitefield
came to her defense and expressed his firm belief that at that moment, “The Lord
Jesus took a great possession of her soul.” He went on to say, “I doubt not,
when the poor Negroes are to be called, God will highly favor them, to wipe off
their reproach, and show that He is no respecter of persons" (Hyatt, 1726: The Year that Defined America, 70-71).
The preaching of Whitefield helped
create a national identity and prepared the way for nationhood. Harvard professor, William Perry, surely had Whitefield in mind when he wrote, “The Declaration of Independence of
1776 was a direct result of the evangelical preaching of the evangelists
of the Great Awakening” (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 56).
Historian, Benjamin Hart, points out that when Whitefield
visited America for the final time in 1770, even the Episcopal (Anglican)
churches, which had initially rejected him, opened their doors to him. He goes
on to say,
The true Spirit of Christ had
dissolved sectarian differences. America considered itself to be a nation of Christians, pure
and simple, as Whitefield noted with satisfaction. “Pulpits, hearts and
affections,” he said, were opened to him and any preacher of whatever
denomination who had a true Christian message to share (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 59).
Whitefield
Burns Out for God
Whitefield loved America and made seven visits to this
land. During his seventh and final visit in 1770, Whitefield
was continuing his incessant travels even though he had been experiencing
weakness, pain in his chest and had been coughing up blood. On September 29 he
preached to large crowed in an open field near Newburyport, Massachusetts. With
night falling, he retired to the home of a friend, Reverend Jonathan Parsons,
to spend the night. Hundreds, however, followed him to the home wanting to hear
more of God’s love and power.
Although weak in body and night had fallen, Whitefield
emerged from the house with a candle and announced to the multitude that he
would preach and pray until the candle burned out. There were many tears and
cries to God as he continued to pour out His heart to the people and to God.
Finally, the candle burned down and went out. Whitefield bid the people a final
farewell, returned to the house and went to bed.
His sleep, however, was restless
and he awakened in the middle of the night with an asthma attack. He then went
back to sleep but awakened later with a tight chest and difficulty breathing.
He finally stopped breathing altogether and despite a doctor’s attempts to
revive him, he expired at 6 a.m.
on September 30, 1770.
Offers to bury him came from New Hampshire and from
Boston’s Old South Church. Parsons, however, quickly arranged for Whitefield’s
interment in the vault of the Newburyport Presbyterian Church, where his
remains still lie today.
Daniel Rogers, who had been converted under Whitefield’s
ministry thirty years before and had remained a loyal friend, prayed at the
funeral. He said that he owed his conversion “to the labors of that dear man of
God, whose precious remains now lay before them.” Rogers then began weeping and
crying, “O my father, my father!” The congregation melted into tears (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 40).
Condolences poured in from throughout the colonies and
from Great Britain. Franklin was in London at the time of Whitefield’s death.
When he received word of his friend’s passing, he wrote,
I knew him intimately upwards of thirty years; his
integrity, disinterestedness, and indefatigable zeal in prosecuting every good
work, I have never seen equaled, I shall never see exceeded (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 40).
Benjamin Franklin, the skeptical printer of
Philadelphia, and America, would never be the same as a result of the “indefatigable zeal” of George Whitefield in
preaching the Gospel to colonial America. This is why Thomas S. Kidd, Professor
of History at Baylor University, has called Whitefield “America’s
Spiritual Founding Father” (Hyatt, George Whitefield, 61).
Where are the George Whitefields of this generation, both men and women, who will proclaim God's truth without fear of man? May they stand up now!
Where are the George Whitefields of this generation, both men and women, who will proclaim God's truth without fear of man? May they stand up now!
Dr. Eddie Hyatt is an author, historian, and Bible teacher with a passion to see America experience another Great Awakening. This article was derived from his books, 1726: The Year that Defined America and George Whitefield, both available from Amazon and his website website at www.eddiehyatt.com.
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